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September 2022 research highlights

Research Highlights

Every month, Leakey Foundation grantees publish research that helps us understand humanity’s past, present, and future.

Read on to learn about new discoveries made possible by generous Leakey Foundation supporters like you! All of the articles below are open-access and free to read.    

Bonobo siblings at the LuiKotale Research Station in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The birth of another young animal triggers a prolonged stress response and reduced immune defenses in the older sibling. This can be detected physiologically in the urine. Photo: Sean M. Lee

The birth of a new sibling causes a long-lasting stress reaction in young bonobos

Humans aren’t the only ones that sometimes struggle to welcome a new sibling. New Leakey Foundation-supported research examines the behavioral and physiological responses of wild bonobos to the birth of a younger sibling.

Working with an international research team, Verena Behringer, a scientist at the German Primate Center (DPZ) – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research in Göttingen, examined various markers in the urine of wild bonobos (Pan paniscus). The researchers found that the birth of a second infant resulted in a five-fold increase in the stress hormone cortisol and a reduced immune response in the older sibling. The physiological changes were detectable up to seven months after birth and were independent of the usual weaning processes the young bonobos experience.

The findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of a major life history transition in one of our closest living relatives. An important strength of this article is the novel use of a longitudinal dataset that incorporates both behavioral and physiological measures.

Verena Behringer, Andreas Berghänel, Tobias Deschner, Sean M Lee, Barbara Fruth, Gottfried Hohmann (2022) Transition to siblinghood causes a substantial and long-lasting increase in urinary cortisol levels in wild bonobos eLife 11:e77227

A wild female chimpanzee produces vocalization in the Taï National Park in Ivory Coast. Photo: Dr. Liran Samuni

Do chimpanzees have local dialects?

Vocal learning, the ability to modify the acoustic structure of vocalizations based on social experience, is a fundamental feature of speech in humans. Songbirds and whales also demonstrate the capacity for vocal learning. What about our primate relatives? Evidence for vocal learning has been reported in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), for example, in the form of regional variation (“dialects”) in “pant-hoot” calls.

To learn more about the extent of regional variation in chimpanzee calls, researchers analyzed pant-hoots from chimpanzees in the neighboring Kasekela and Mitumba communities at Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, and the geographically distant Kanyawara community at Kibale National Park, Uganda. The team found that individuals varied a lot in their vocalization, but there were no statistically significant differences between the neighboring communities at Gombe or among geographically distant communities. Furthermore, the researchers found differences among individuals in all communities. They concluded that the variation in chimpanzee pant-hoots reflected individual differences, rather than group differences.

Desai, N. P., Fedurek, P., Slocombe, K. E., & Wilson, M. L. (2022). Chimpanzee pant-hoots encode individual information more reliably than group differencesAmerican Journal of Primatology, 84, e23430. 

Boxgrove is an important archaeological site in Sussex, where the oldest human remains in Britain were discovered. Boxgrove is also one of the oldest sites in Europe with direct evidence of hunting and butchering by early humans. This photo shows Eartham Pit, where the Boxgrove Man fossils were discovered in 1993. By Ethan Doyle White, CC BY-SA 3.0

Comparing the Boxgrove and Atapuerca fossil hominins

Boxgrove is a famous fossil site in Sussex, where the oldest fossil hominin in England was found. The fossil material from Boxgrove consists of a partial left tibia and two incisors from a single adult individual known as “Boxgrove Man” and dated at around 480,000 years old. Researchers wanted to know more about how this fossil individual might compare or relate to other ancient populations in Europe living at the same time. They compared the fossils from Boxgrove to the large collection of fossils from a site called Sima de los Huesos in Spain to see what differences and similarities exist.

Annabelle L. Lockey, Laura Rodríguez, Laura Martín-Francés, Juan Luis Arsuaga, José María Bermúdez de Castro, Lucile Crété, María Martinón-Torres, Simon Parfitt, Matt Pope, Chris Stringer,
Comparing the Boxgrove and Atapuerca (Sima de los Huesos) human fossils: Do they represent distinct paleodemes?, Journal of Human Evolution, Volume 172, 2022.


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I [name], of [city, state ZIP], bequeath the sum of $[ ] or [ ] percent of my estate to L.S.B. Leakey Foundation for Research Related to Man’s Origins, Behavior & Survival, (dba The Leakey Foundation), a nonprofit organization with a business address of 1003B O’Reilly Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94129 and a tax identification number 95-2536475 for its unrestricted use and purpose.

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